Which of the following aerodynamic derivatives contribute directly to restoring (damping) moments in aircraft dynamics?

(A) Pitch damping derivative C_{mq} < 0 (resists pitch rate)

(B) Roll damping derivative C_{lp} < 0 (resists roll rate)

(C) Yaw damping derivative C_{nr} < 0 (resists yaw rate)

(D) Adverse yaw derivative C_{np} > 0

Answer Key:

A,B,C

### Solution: C_{mq}, C_{lp}, and C_{nr} are the primary direct damping derivatives in pitch, roll, and yaw respectively; all three are negative to provide positive damping. Correct: A, B, C.

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